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Traditionally, the structure – and therefore the communication process – is based upon a hierarchy of individual departments, although more and more organisations now see the product and the market as more fundamental to structure than individual departments. There are always problems with any organisational structure. Traditional organisations based on departments often tend to be bureaucratic and slow in distributing information, whilst organisations which are more aware of the external environment often lack the formality and control of the traditional organisation.
In more formal organisations, especially accounting practices, the organisation chart defines the way that communication and work flows through the organisation. The typical organisation chart assumes a hierarchical structure, reflecting communication flowing downwards from top management to the departments further down the organisation. But of course communication also flows in reverse, instructions received from above have to be acted upon and reported.
However, in many modern organisations where conventional communication structures either do not exist or are less formal, communication tends to be horizontal, between individuals and departments, rather than the upwards or downward flow assumed by so many to be the normal case.
This type of structure is often referred to as the Matrix structure. Its great advantage is that it is cross functional whilst maintaining functions and the commitment and specialisation of individual departments. At the same time it allows adaption to change, encourages commitment to the organisation as a whole, improves communication and perhaps most importantly of all, reduces the need for slow, laborious communication up and down the traditional hierarchical structure.
参考答案:传统上, 结构- 和因此通信过程- 根据各自的部门阶层, 虽然越来越组织现在看产品和市场象根本构造比各自的部门。有总有任一组织结构的问题。传统组织根据部门经常倾向于是官僚和慢的在分布的信息, 经常意识到外部环境缺乏传统组织的形式和控制的组织。
在更加正式的组织, 特别是认为实践, 组织系统图定义通信和工作流经组织的方法。典型的组织系统图承担一个等级结构, 反射通信流动向下从最高管理层对部门进一步在组织下。但当然通信并且流动在背面, 指示被接受从上述必须行动和被报告。
但是, 在常规通信构造或的许多现代组织不存在或是较不正式的, 通信倾向于是水平的, 在个体和部门, 而不是向上或向下流程之间由那么许多承担是正常案件。
这类型结构经常指矩阵结构。它的巨大好处是, 它是发怒工作维护作用和各自的部门的承诺和专业化。同时它允许适应改变, 鼓励承诺对组织整体上, 或许最重要地改进通信和所有, 减少对缓慢, 费力通信的需要在传统等级结构上下。